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Question about 3 disturbances impact space weather?


oemSpace

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The three disturbances that impact space weather:

  • geomagnetic storms (caused by gusts in the solar wind speed)
  • solar radiation storms (the numbers of energetic particles increase)
  • radio blackouts (caused by X-ray emissions)

I would like to know which above items carry magnetic fields with Sun's orientation (northward +ve polarity or southward -ve polarity).

 

Does anyone have any suggestions?

 

Thanks in advance for any suggestions

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The Bt value on the website is the strength of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field. How stronger it is how higher the chances for viewing the aurora. For Middle latitudes the values are good around 40nt, but the Bz component must be tilted south.

A strong southward Bz value is the most important value if we want to see some aurora. A strong southward orientated IMF gives us nice aurora displays so how lower it goes the better.

 

 

Bt is measuring strength of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field on ACE satellite.

 

However, Planetary Kp index (3-hour period) is derived by calculating a weighted average of K-indices from a network of geomagnetic observatories.

Does it measure geomagnetic field on Earth's surface?

 

 

In term of measuring geomagnetic field, do you have any suggestions on what is the pros and cons between Bt and Kp? which one is better to show how IMF effects on Earth's magnetic field??

 

 

Do you have any suggestions?

 

 

Thanks you very much for any suggestions :>

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All magnetometers measure Bx, By, Bz values, these are all expressed in nT. I thought Boulder also measures the strength of the sudden impulse but i'm not sure about that. The 3h K-indice is based upon the readings of the magnetomers at different locations, every station has it's own unique deflection values of which the Kp is derived of. So for example you can read our Kiruna help article which explains how to read a magnetometer and how to determie the deflections and the corresponding Kp reading for the deflection value; for the Kiruna Magnetometer the Bx value counts not Bt. So this awnsers your last question too.

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if there is no difference on measuring equipments, I think their difference are location on measuring magnetic field. 

  • ACE on Satellite
  • Kp on Earth

I get no idea what to select to indicate the Magnetic field. :blink:

 

Do you have any suggestions on which measurement is more acceptable / popular to indicate the Magnetic field?

 

 

 

Furthermore, could you please provide a link for suggested articles?

Do you have any suggestions?

 

 

 

Thanks you very much for any suggestions :> :)

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Did you read how magnetometers work and did you read the article to interpret the kiruna magnetometer? You would have learned that the Kp reading is derived from the measurements like ACE does but those measurements are unique for each observatory and uses the same data method (measures Bx, By, Bz). Those magnetometers are than translated into Kp-readings according to the deflection in the magnetometer data.

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Did you read how magnetometers work and did you read the article to interpret the kiruna magnetometer? You would have learned that the Kp reading is derived from the measurements like ACE does but those measurements are unique for each observatory and uses the same data method (measures Bx, By, Bz). Those magnetometers are than translated into Kp-readings according to the deflection in the magnetometer data.

 

 

When there is a disturbance in the Earths magnetic field, the magnetometers will react to it and thus the Kiruna magnetogram will show us minor deflections from the normal quiet level of 10650nT.

Source : http://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/help/the-kiruna-magnetometer

 

Referring to those articels, it seems to me that Kp is closer to the fact on how Earth's magnetic field is affected instead of using ACE's data from Satellite. However, you imply that Kp-reading mixes with a lot of deflection in the magnetometer data from different observatories, so do you assume that data from ACE will be more reliable without too much deflection?

 

Does anyone have any suggestions?

 

Thanks everyone very much for any suggestions :>

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Didn't you see the big help button in the menu bar and the "more info" button below the kiruna magnetometer? They are meant for a reason ;-)

Direct link

No, i told that the deflection of the Bx values in the magnetometer data will determine which Kp it will be for that location. The global Kp as used on the website is derived from all stations and represents the average level on a global scale. In the article you'll also learn what deflection means.

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No, i told that the deflection of the Bx values in the magnetometer data will determine which Kp it will be for that location. The global Kp as used on the website is derived from all stations and represents the average level on a global scale. In the article you'll also learn what deflection means.

 

But how do we determine this deflection? When there is a disturbance in the Earths magnetic field, the magnetometers will react to it and thus the Kiruna magnetogram will show us minor deflections from the normal quiet level of 10650nT. The deflection is also expressed in nanoTesla units (nT). The start of the deflection is in the beginning of the storm before the measured values drop. The deflection is shown as a yellow area in the graph; it starts shortly after the arrival of the CME before it gradualy degrades in value till it reaches it's lowest measured point. This deflection, expressed in nanoTesla, is the value we have to look at if we want to see or photograph the aurora. In this example the deflection is arround 500nT and gets a local Kiruna K-indice of 6 and thus also not enough for a chance for auroras at the Middle latitudes.

 

 

The article does not mention anything about how Bx value determine the Kp locations .

 

Be aware that, due to it's location, this magnetometer can only be helpful for observers from Europe.

 

 

 

The global Kp as used on the website is derived from all stations from Europe and represents the average level on a global scale.

 

If we want to see or photograph the aurora from Europe, then use local Kp instead of data from ACE.

 

 

So for global scale, will data of ACE from Satellite be a better choice on monitoring how Earth's magnetic field is affected on global scale?

 

Thanks everyone very much for any suggestions :>

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Bx is the black solid line...

About your red marking on our text... every magnetometer works best for it's nearest habitants. If you live in US, a US magnetometer would be the better. Choose a nearby magnetometer, it works the same as the Kiruna, although the values to determine the Kp are different because they are unique per station.

If you want to follow geomagnetic disturbances live, first ACE data, then local magnetometers. Why? because ACE is at L1 point, magnetometers are on Earth. If you only want to follow global conditions: ACE data and Wing-Kp.

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Since ACE is from L1 location, will data from ACE be faster to indicate the fact for magnetic field? as comparing with Kp, how long would data be delayed between ACE (in Satellite) and Kp (on Earth)?

 

Furthermore, solar winds carry Sun's magnetic field (southward / northward polarity), ACE from satellite can detect those data with accuracy in fact, since different IMF polarity interacts differently on Earth's magnetic field and the strength data from Solar winds' magnetic field will be distorted, so would Kp only be measured the after effect of magnetic fields on Earth?  If we based on the strength Bt from ACE, which could be different as it compares with Kp data.  On forecasting Geomagnetic storm, do you have any suggestions on which data (ACE or Kp) should be used to estimate this forecast warning in reality?

 

 

Do you have any suggestions?

 

 

Thanks everyone very much for any suggestions :>

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It's very simple math: the distance between ACE and Earth is the first input parameter and we have the solar wind speed. A simple formula to calculate the time that is needed. As you might notice on our graphs, they indicate how long it takes (ETA) for the latest readings to arrive at Earth. So if ACE detects an impact, it will be (depending on the speed) arriving at Earth in for example an hour.

Official Kp reading is measured at Earth. The forecasting models only from ACE (which is normal).

And again: Kp is only good to have an indication of the activity so you can see by just a number how the conditions where. Nothing more and nothing less. To really interpret the data and determining the conditions you don't use Kp. It's only an indicator of the geomagnetic activity

For example if you see a Kp index of 7, you'll now there's a moderate geomagnetic storm active without looking at the data. But a local magnetometer can in fact show a greater deflection in lets say 30min to give a Kp of 8 but the three hour average is 7.

Other example: if Wing-Kp shows reading of 3, that's from the past three hours so you'll have to look at the predicted k-indice. Why? Because in the mean time values can be faverouble. Only when data is faverouble, the magnetometers are the ones to look at.

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On 3 Sep 2013, data are collecting from ACE Satellite, the IMF is mainly Northward polarity, and Bt is rising, but the Kp forecast is on 1 & 2 levels (Quiet).  Does it seem that most of the IMF with northward polarity is repelled by Earth's magnetic field? so it keeps Kp at lower levels (1 & 2).

 

Would it be correctly assumption?

Thanks everyone very much for any suggestions :>

 

# YR MO DA  HHMM    Day      Day    S     Bx      By      Bz      Bt     Lat.   Long.
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2013 09 03  0541   56538   20460    0    -1.2    -7.3     4.8     8.8    32.8   260.5
2013 09 03  0542   56538   20520    0    -0.9    -7.6     4.6     8.9    30.7   263.2
2013 09 03  0543   56538   20580    0    -0.8    -7.6     4.6     8.9    31.1   263.9
 

 

predimfdaily_last29_3.png

:Product: Geomagnetic Forecast
:Issued: 2013 Sep 02 2205 UTC
# Prepared by the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Space Weather Prediction Center
#
NOAA Ap Index Forecast
Observed Ap 01 Sep 009
Estimated Ap 02 Sep 012
Predicted Ap 03 Sep-05 Sep 005-008-008

NOAA Geomagnetic Activity Probabilities 03 Sep-05 Sep
Active                10/20/20
Minor storm           01/01/01
Moderate storm        01/01/01
Strong-Extreme storm  01/01/01

NOAA Kp index forecast 03 Sep - 05 Sep
             Sep 03    Sep 04    Sep 05
00-03UT        2         2         3
03-06UT        2         2         3
06-09UT        1         2         2
09-12UT        1         2         1
12-15UT        1         2         1
15-18UT        1         2         1
18-21UT        2         2         2
21-00UT        2         3         2
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As we have said earlier in topics and on our help articles... Only a southward directed IMF means that storming can occur because only then the plasma gets more injected into the poles. But that's theory, in practice it all depends on the data itself (speed, density, IMF)  because with severe solar wind speeds exceeding 1000km/sec and a strong IMF of 40nT the magnetosphere gets a very big punch and gets compressed (that's the point where satallites get in real trouble), even if the IMF than has a northward direction, because of the tsrong conditions and the compressing of the magnetosphere will cause storming. And if it tilts southwards under those conditions, than a severe storm 'might' occur.

But all storms are different, there are no unique storms, that makes it hard to forecast them and the effects they can cause. You can only intepret the readings and make an analysis based on that.

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Thanks everyone very much for suggestions :> :)

 

Items carry magnetic fields with Sun's orientation:

  • geomagnetic storms (caused by gusts in the solar wind speed), confirmed
  • solar radiation storms (the numbers of energetic particles increase), is charged particles also carrying magnetic field?
  • radio blackouts (caused by X-ray emissions), is X-ray not charged particles? and not carrying magnetic field?

Furthermore, I would like to know the relationship between solar winds' speed and strength.

The faster the speed, the stronger the strength, will it be corrected assumption?

Or is there no correlation between speed and strength at all?

 

Does anyone have any suggestions?

 

Thanks everyone very much for any suggestions :>

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Radiation storms do not carry magnetic field, idem dito with radio blackouts.

If you've read our articles you would know that with a radiation storm, particles are accelerated with the flare and can reach the speed of light so these particles arrive very fast. With strong flares a radio blackout can be caused, they disturb radio signals, nothing more and do not cary a magnetic field.

 

no relationship between solar wind speed and IMF strength. A faster speed doens't immediatly mean stronger storming, it will depend on the conditions of the IMF. As we've told earlier: every storm is unique and there are Always different situations; if there was a relationship, it would be predictable, but it isn't.

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no relationship between solar wind speed and IMF strength. A faster speed doens't immediatly mean stronger storming, it will depend on the conditions of the IMF. As we've told earlier: every storm is unique and there are Always different situations; if there was a relationship, it would be predictable, but it isn't.

 

The IMF strength should be depended on plasma density and solar winds speed combined together, which should be determined by number of charged particles per seconds, I would like to know what item should be monitored for this measurement.

 

Does anyone have any suggestions? :rolleyes:

 

Thanks everyone very much for suggestions :> :)

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No, the IMF strength does not depend on solar wind speed and density of the solar wind and not by other particles. The strength of the IMF depends on the type of event (CH or CME) on which the IMF gets compressed by for example a CME schokfront. In normal quiet conditions the IMF strength (Bt) is around 4nT)

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No, the IMF strength does not depend on solar wind speed and density of the solar wind and not by other particles. The strength of the IMF depends on the type of event (CH or CME) on which the IMF gets compressed by for example a CME schokfront. In normal quiet conditions the IMF strength (Bt) is around 4nT)

 

The matter on the type of event (CH or CME) is solar winds, which is a stream of charged particles with Sun's magnetic field, People use Bt to measure how higher the chances for viewing the aurora and an aurora is a natural light display in the sky particularly in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions, caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere (thermosphere). 

 

 

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles (a plasma) released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. It mostly consists of electrons and protons with energies usually between 1.5 and 10 keV. The stream of particles varies in density, temperature, and speed over time and over longitude. These particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high kinetic energy and the high temperature of the corona.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind

 

The Bt value on the website is the strength of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field. How stronger it is how higher the chances for viewing the aurora. For Middle latitudes the values are good around 40nt, but the Bz component must be tilted south.

 

An aurora is a natural light display in the sky particularly in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions, caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere (thermosphere). The charged particles originate in the magnetosphere and solar wind and, on Earth, are directed by the Earth's magnetic field into the atmosphere.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)

 

If this is the case, should we observe Ionosphere (thermosphere) for IMF strenght? as shown on below image.

 

tec-map-br.jpg

 

Does anyone have any suggestions on whether ionosphere should be the corrected charts on monitoring Bt?

 

Thanks everyone very much for suggestions :> :)

 

 

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No, that chart is not used for that. The only way to monitor the Bt is by looking at the data from ACE which you can find on the website: http://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/auroral-activity

 

Referring to following linked video, I get a clear picture now :rolleyes: , Bt simply measures the magnetic field from ACE at L1 location, not plasma, not solar winds' speed, ...

  • Orbit around the Sun : monitor Bt from ACE
  • Orbit around the Earth : monitor Bt from GOES
  • On ground surface : monitor from Kp

There are 3 different viewpoints on monitoring Bt, does anyone have any suggestions on what and when people use and interpret Bt from different sources? :rolleyes:

 

Thanks everyone very much for any suggestions :> :D

 

 

Spacecraft Magnetometer

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